summary范文 summary范文十篇
本文目录一览：
- 1、高中英语必修二第一单元课文summary范文
- 2、summary范文200字care of the elderly:a family matter
- 3、英国留学生论文Executive Summary怎么写
- 4、英文写作中的summary应该怎么写？有范文可以参考吗？
- 5、英文文献综述的范文
- 6、高考英语概要写作范文怎么写
- 7、有没有练习写summary的文章啊？有的话把文章发上来吧，最好有summary的范文，谢谢了！
- 8、求格列佛游记summary范文
高中英语必修二第一单元课文summary范文
I'm wangNan,a student of No.1 Middle School. I have a gooa friend,Jim.He' an USA girl.We are both in Class Two,Grade Eight.She is 15 years old,one year older than me. We both study hard.I'm good at physices,but she's good at math.We often help each other with lessons.Both of us like helping others. We both like sports very much.Jim enjoy playing basketball.but Ilike palying soccer. She likes green but Ilike red. Tough we are different in my ways,we are good friends
summary范文200字care of the elderly:a family matter
Care for the elderly
As is vividly revealed in the picture above, an old couple sits at the table lonely and waits for their children and grandchildren to come back for dinner together, with plenty of delicious meals on the table. However, their children and grandchildren give them expensive presents instead of eating with them together. Undoubtedly, the symbolic meaning subtly conveyed in the picture should be given deep consideration that we should spare some time to accompany and care for the elderly.
Nowadays, it’s a common phenomenon in our daily life that people hardly care for their parents. Because they are so busy with work that they can’t take enough time to accompany their parents and their parents feel very lonely. As this phenomenon, I think it’s high time that we do something about caring for the elderly. Therefore, my suggestions are as follows.
First of all, I think every young people should take responsibility to take care of their old parents. Secondly, I strongly recommend that the government should take effective measures to make people to have enough time to accompany and care for their old parents. What’s more, I think that the whole society should be in favor of elders’ activities to make the elderly can take part in some activities to reduce their loneliness. Last but not least, I think that people can let their parents to live with them and treat them patiently. To sum up, I think we should call on people to care for the elderly as much as possible.
英国留学生论文Executive Summary怎么写
Executive Summary就是文章的执行总结，是整个你的商业计划第一个部分，相当于整个商业计划的精华缩减版，使整个商业计划的核心内容所在。大概要写一页。
概述应包括的基本内容有：
企业的宗旨，例如：
In 2007, ABC Corporation was created to... Now, ABC Corporation is at a point where…
背景介绍，例如：
For many years people have…
The condition of the industry today is such that…
产品或服务及市场竞争情况，例如：
We have just completed the development of S30 – a novel and proprietary construction tool
Compared to competitive products, our s30 can…
企业目标，例如：
Our objective, at this time, is to propel the company into a prominent market position. We feel that within 5 years ABC Corporation will be in a suitable condition for further expansion, an initial public offering or profitable acquisition. To accomplish this goal we…
管理团队和管理组织，例如
Our management team consists of 5 men and women Whose backgrounds consist of 10 years of marketing with…
市场策略，例如：
The fundamental thrust of our marketing strategy consists of…
财务状况和计划，例如：
In 5 years we will have… and our investors will be able to…
结论，例如：
ABC Corporation enjoys an established track-record of excellent support for our customers. Their expressions of satisfaction and encouragement are numerous, and we intend to continue our advances in the…
以下提供一篇Executive Summary 执行摘要范文作为例子：
在当今动态的企业世界，变更必须跟上环境的动态。为了从这些变化中获得最大的利益，提前计划他们是非常重要的。有五个因素可能会导致组织变革，是竞争，技术，增长的愿望，改进和政府法规。例如，组织需要做出一些改变，因为竞争激烈的市场环境，所以如果企业不做任何改变，那么他们的竞争对手将接替他们的位置。随着技术的提高更快，企业需要改变他们的战略，以满足快速的技术改进。同样，世界上的每一个组织都希望经济增长，所以他们需要做出一些具体的变化来满足增长的愿望。另一方面，利益相关者有时会受到组织变革的影响。例如，业主和股东会受到组织变革的影响，因为这些变化将直接影响企业利润。顾客可能会受到组织的直接或间接的影响，因为这些变化可能无法满足他们所需要的和想要的。员工也可能会受到业务变化的影响，因为他们不知道他们是否能适应业务的变化。今天组织变革是必要的。然而，并不是所有的企业都在改变，以适应整个环境的变化。未能做出必要改变的公司必须面对可能被做了必要改变的业务所带来的后果。在竞争激烈的市场环境中，不能改变的企业是无法生存的。如果公司想做一些改变，它仍然有一些挑战，该公司必须面对。例如，在任何组织中的变化都需要过度的规划，因为在组织中的任何重大变化都会显示其对业务的影响。缺乏共识的变化也可以是一个挑战的因素。另一方面，工作环境的变化在一个组织中会导致员工变得困惑，所以有一个适当的管理和员工之间的沟通是非常必要的。总之，改变是非常重要的组织发展。
In today’s dynamic corporate world, businesschanges are required to keep up with the dynamics of the environment. In order to gain the maximum benefits out of these changes, it is very important to plan them in advance. There are five factors may cause organisation change that are competition, technology, desire for growth, improvement and government regulations. For example, Organisation needs to make some change because highly competitive market environment, so if business don’t make any change, then their competitor would take over their position. With the technology improve faster, business need to change their strategy to meet fast technology improvement. Similarly, every organisation in the world desire to growth, so they need to make some specific change to meet the desire of growth. On the other hand, stakeholders sometimes are impacted by organisation change. For instance, owners and shareholders would be impacted by organisation change, because those changes will directly impact on business profit. Customer might be impacted by organisation change directly or indirectly, because the changes may not satisfy what they need and want. Employees might be also impacted by business changes, because they don’t know whether they can adapt the business after the changes. Making change in organisation is necessary today. However, not all business makes change to meet the whole environment change. The companies which fail to make the necessary changes have to face consequences that might be taken over by the business that made necessary change. These companies that fail to change are unable to survive in the high competitive environment of market. If the company wants to make some changes, it is still have some challenges that the company has to be faced. For example, changing in any organization requires excessive planning, because any major change in the organization would show its effect on the business. Lack of consensus regarding change can also be a factor of challenge. One the other hand, working environment change in an organization can lead employees become perplexed, so have a proper communication between the management and the employee is very necessary. The biggest challenge for organization to make change is the time taken. If the planning is not proper and the goals are not clear then the whole change process could take more time than what it should be taken. In conclusion, making change is very important for organisations development.
英文写作中的summary应该怎么写？有范文可以参考吗？
首先Summary的写作应该分为以下6步：
①分段阅读
首先，我们需要对整篇文章浏览一次，根据文中的标题、副标题等分段阅读。
②重读
主动阅读文章，并把主题句、关键句以及对写作summary有用的信息标记出来。
③概括
在明确了每个分段的中心思想之后，用一句话概括出来。注意：句中只需要关键点，不需要进行细节性的描述。
④主旨
主旨句是一篇摘要的关键点，读者可从中获知整篇文章所要表达的内容。因此，一定要写好主旨句。
⑤写summary
在写summary的时候一定要注意：在summary中需要写原作者和作品的名称，且要用现在时去写作，尽量避免使用原文内容。除此之外，摘要的写作目的在于准确表达作者的观点，所以一定不可以添加自己的观点在里边。
⑥检查并修改
在summary完成之后需要检查我们是否准确的将作者的观点表达出来了，如果没有问题的话，也还是需要从个事、语法以及标点等方面进行一次检查。
下边BayDue给大家分享一篇summary写作范文：
Why do some animals die out?
In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct.People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods.As they spread over the land,they destroy animals'homes.If the animals can't find a place to live,they die out.Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason.Other animals,such as the Florida Key deer,may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct,too.In the last century,hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.
Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves.Pollution is killing many animals today,too.As rivers become polluted,fish are poisoned.Many die.Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong,healthy eggs.New birds aren’t born.So far,no animals have become extinct because of pollution.But some,such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican,have become rare and may die out.
Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate.The places where they live become hotter or cooler,drier or wetter.The food that they eat cannot grow there any more.If the animals can't learn to eat something else,they die.Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.
Summary:
In the past two hundred years,many kinds of animals have died out.There are several reasons for it.First,people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods,which destroys animals'homes.Then,hunters'killing has also caused some animals to become extinct.Besides,some animals aren't able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.
英文文献综述的范文
下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文
How to Write a Literature Review ?
I. The definition of Literature Review
文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components
A. The Purposes
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused
research question.
B. Its Components
There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.
标题与作者(title and author)
摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)
引言(introduction)
述评(review)
结论(conclusion)
参考文献(references)
III. Classification of Source Materials
How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.
A: Background sources:
Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and
encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.
B: Primary sources
Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,
biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too
many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.
C: Secondary sources
Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book
reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or
writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing
in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,
but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and
will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you
need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to
analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.
D: Web sources
The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent
resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web
sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You
may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a
good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its
own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the
authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use
information. The currency of website information should also be taken into
account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.
IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review
A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources
If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and
the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper
on a topic without reading the original source.
B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis
Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.
Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.
C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth
Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William
Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic
in depth. Choose those.
D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts
If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on
Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,
Choose the article by the expert.
E. Choosing the most current sources
If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a
scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the
books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in
periodicals.
V. Writing a literature Review
A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:
1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.
2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.
3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.
4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.
5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.
6. Criticism of the work in the area.
B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:
1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.
2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.
C. Some tips for writing the review:
1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.
2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most
related references last.
3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.
4. Start writing your review early.
VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项
英文文献主要部分细节提示：
引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围
和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和
分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要
的语句加以概括。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：
(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和
范围;
(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一
般现在时简介本文内容;
(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;
(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。
述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，
作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的
所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间
为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、
究其不足。
分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测
的语言形式。
综述的结论(Conclusion)
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或
Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To
conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问
题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。
二.注意事项
⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。
⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。
⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。
⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。
6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。
7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。
8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。
VII. A Sample of Literature Review
A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations
Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).
Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity
and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.
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为例. 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15～16
References
李丽君. 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M]. 北京： 清华大学出版社， 2002. 田贵森, 段晓英.英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M]. 北京： 北京理工大学出版社.
2006.
刘振聪. 英语学术论文写作[M]. 北京： 中国人民大学出版社. 2009
高考英语概要写作范文怎么写
高考时期，遇到概要的英语写作，我们有什么技巧可以解决?
高考英语概要写作范文
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
高考英语概要写作方法
Part I. 什么是摘要?
A summary is a short account giving the main points of something longer or detailed.
概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简单的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能抄袭原文。
对于成绩较差的同学来说，可能对概括感到无从下手。
读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上， 所谓读写任务其实是读和写的有机结合，读的材料是为了后面的写提供情景，同样， 写也是对读的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。
一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。
标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
二、概括的写作步骤：
1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。
2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。
4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子)
三、概括的形式：主题句+支撑句 即主题+主题的什么。
附：2007年广东高考概括部分评分细则：
1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分;
2.机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分;
3.稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分;
4.创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的，最多得3分。
5.结构、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。
高考英语概要写作技巧
Part II. 写概括的具体方法
Ⅰ.The Steps of Writing a Summary
A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage
tells us that----- - --.
B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)
C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
1)Use words of similar meanings同义替换法
I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.
I didn’t catch any fish_________ I was not patient.
2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a sentence正话反说法
You will fail. = You will ____________.
3)Change the part of speech词性转换法
Patience is very important. Patience is of _____________________ .
4)Change the structure of a sentence句式变化法
语态变换：Parents should give children more praise.
→Children should ________ more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
Children should be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn faster..
5)Use the shortest possible transitions连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如but, and, so, while, however, then, yet, for, therefore, thus, including, instead of 等。
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children__________ scolding them.
6) Change the order of the words.词序改变法
D. 下列是常规的实用技巧。
Skill1: Omit (省略) the details
Skill2: Omit the repetitions
Skill3: Omit the examples
Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words )
Skill5: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个主要节日)。注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.
可以概括为：She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.
5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
7) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
可以概括为： He was very brave in battle.
He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.
可以概括为：He was in financial difficulties.
8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
II.练习篇---- 学以致用。(Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill from the above ones.)
1,Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips
1)Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future.
2)..Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.
3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.
Which skill: ___________________________________________________
Summary:___________________________________________________________
2. Sometimes, kids don’t think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesn’t like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether you’re
speaking to a boy or a girl.
Which skill: ___________________________________________________
Summary: ______________________________________________________________
3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, You use too much salt on your food, Paul. It’s not at all good for you! Paul put down his knife and frowned, Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandjust imagine bread without salt in it!
Which skill:___________________________________________________
Summary:______________________________________________________
4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
Which skill: _____________________________________________________
Summary: _____________________________________________________________
Ⅲ.Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage
段意合并法 (说明文、应用文)
第一步, 通读全文, 领略大意;
第二步,小结每一段的大意;
第三步, 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 综合归纳全文的大意.
对于说明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如，可以概括如下 This article points out the common phenomenon
要素串联法(记叙文)
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。
主题概括法(议论文)
第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.
第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯;
第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think 还可以从中立的角度或用无人称的方式来说The article gives the view that
Exercise: Match the main idea with the proper skill.
5. It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night. I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, I enjoy cleaning windows at night.
So do I, answered the policeman in the same tone. Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?
Well, I’d prefer to stay here, I said. You see, I’ve forgotten my key.
Your what? he called.
My key, I shouted.
Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me
Which skill: ____________________________
点拨：
这是一篇记叙文，请从原文中划出时间、地点、人物、事情的经过和结果。
填充下面所给的summary, 注意如何借用词法，语法简化句子。
Summary:
On arriving home __________ in the morning, the writer failed to wake up __________ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _______________, but was found by _____________. Soon his shouting woke his wife.
6. Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when advertisements give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys something. It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shops. Printed advertisements do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They can be taken along to the shops and their statements can be checked against and actual goods in the shops.
Some advertisements are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want things. They set out to make us believe that what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. The voice on TV says, Getaway people use XYZ petrol. The screen shows a picture of petrol pump for a fast expensive car owned by a boy with a pretty girlfriend. They drive off to the wonderful country or a lovely beach. Some people may feel that clever, successful people use XYZ petrol. Some might choose that petrol every time they fill up their cars.
Skill: _______________________
Summary:
7..Students should think now about what extracurricular (课外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.
Skill: ______________________________________
Summary:
Ⅳ.积累模板Some Summary Models for You
要注意归纳和积累summary中常用的句式或模板。
A.如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：
The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.
The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that
The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first
or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.
The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.
The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.
The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.
B.而记叙文的概要则可以从以下模板中选择：
The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.
The author tells us a story about a ________.
The passage is a story about ________.
According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.
C.通用型模板：
According to the passage, we know
This article is mainly about
The writer states that
As can be learn this passage, - - -
The passage says that
In this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of
另外，更具体一点：
(1) 记叙文概要模板
a.点明写作目的类：
The writer tells us(主题)by showing us an example of, who/which(故事情节).
b.作者经历类：
In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his
experience of doing sth, which
c. 他人经历类：
This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth..
(2) 议论文概要模板
The article gives the view that
should/shouldn’t(主题).
..(补充论据).
The passage highlights(强调) the importance of sth..
The author argues that
(3) 说明文概要模板
a. 现象揭示类：
This article points out the common phenomenon ----(主题), which.(补充解释).
b. 利弊对比类：
The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile B
The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.
c. 研究显示类：
The study reveals(揭露) that
The purpose of the report is to show that
附：练习参考答案：
I. 定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。练习
1) because 2) not succeed
3) of great importance 4) be given; which 5) instead of
II. 练习篇---- 学以致用。
1.Skill1: Omit the details
There are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.
2. Skill2: Omit the examples.
It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents.
3. Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.
Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
4. Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具体的) words.
She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
5. Summary: On arriving home at about two in the morning, the writer failed to wake up his wife by the doorbell. He tried to climb towards the bedroom window, but was found by a policeman. Soon his shouting woke his wife.(40 words)
6. Skill: ①段意合并法 (topic sentences or key words，if no topic sentences)
Summary: Advertising can be useful when it provides customers with reliable information，while some advertisements are not the case as they are produced only to persuade customers to buy what they don’t need.(31 words)
7. 主题概括法(适合于议论文)
Summary: The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)
有没有练习写summary的文章啊？有的话把文章发上来吧，最好有summary的范文，谢谢了！
How to Write a Summary?
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
求格列佛游记summary范文
格列佛游记summary范文summary The book presents itself as a simple traveller's narrative with the disingenuous title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, its authorship assigned only to "Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, then a captain of several ships". Different editions contain different versions of the prefatory material which are basically the same as forewords in modern books. The book proper then is divided into four parts, which are as follows. Part I: A Voyage to Lilliput The book begins with a short preamble in which Gulliver, in the style of books of the time, gives a brief outline of his life and history prior to his voyages. He enjoys travelling, although it is that love of travel that is his downfall. On his first voyage, Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and awakes to find himself a prisoner of a race of people one-twelfth the size of normal human beings (6 inches/15cm tall), who are inhabitants of the neighbouring and rival countries of Lilliput and Blefuscu. After giving assurances of his good behaviour, he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favourite of the court. From there, the book follows Gulliver's observations on the Court of Lilliput, which is intended to satirize the court of George I (King of Great Britain at the time of the writing of the Travels). Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbours the Blefuscudians (by stealing their fleet). However, he refuses to reduce the country to a province of Lilliput, displeasing the King and the court. Gulliver is charged with treason and sentenced to be blinded. With the assistance of a kind friend, Gulliver escapes to Blefuscu, where he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship which takes him back home. The feuding between the Lilliputians and the Blefuscudians is meant to represent the feuding countries of England and France, but the reason for the war is meant to satirize the feud between Catholics and Protestants, over issues that Swift may have found trivial. Part II: A Voyage to Brobdingnag June 20, 1702 — June 3, 1706 When the sea vessel Adventure, which was an old wooden ship, is steered off course by storms and forced to go in to land for want of fresh water, Gulliver is abandoned by his companions and found by a farmer who is 60 feet (18 m) tall (the scale of Lilliput is approximately 1:12; of Brobdingnag 10:1). He brings Gulliver home and his extremely smart and strong daughter cares for Gulliver. The farmer treats him as a curiosity and exhibits him for money. The word gets out and the Queen of Brobdingnag wants to see the show. She loves Gulliver and he is then bought by her and kept as a favourite at court. Since Gulliver is too small to use their huge chairs, beds, knives and forks, the queen commissions a small house to be built for Gulliver so that he can be carried around in it. This box is referred to as his travelling box. In between small adventures such as fighting giant wasps and being carried to the roof by a monkey, he discusses the state of Europe with the King, who is not impressed. On a trip to the seaside, his "travelling box" is seized by a giant eagle which drops Gulliver and his box right into the sea where he is picked up by some sailors, who return him to England. Part III: A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg and Japan August 5, 1706 — April 16, 1710 After Gulliver's ship is attacked by pirates, he is marooned near a desolate rocky island, near India. Fortunately he is rescued by the flying island of Laputa, a kingdom devoted to the arts of music and mathematics but utterly unable to use these for practical ends. The device described simply as The Engine is possibly the first literary description in history of something resembling a computer. Laputa's method of throwing rocks at rebellious surface cities also seems the .
